One of the most common trophic cascade in mediterranean benthic ecosystems include predatory fishes, sea urchins and macrophytes, usually macroalgas but sometimes also seagrasses. What trophic level is a sea urchin apart of? At the base of the sea urchin's spines which are small pinching appendages. What are some predators of the urchin? What are some examples of.
Removal or addition of an apex predator that is a keystone species causes changes in the type and number of species, and their population sizes, at multiple trophic levels.
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